What Term Should be Used to Describe Alcholism - 1465 Words

The majority of people hearing the term addict or addiction drugs are probably the first thing that comes to their mind. Fewer may think of alcohol because, although people who chronically abuse alcohol are also addicts, the term alcoholic or alcoholism is used more often in reference to those people. A growing number of people will imagine a person sitting in front of a poker machine, flashbacks of a certain president admitting to being a sex addict, or a teenager with a Playstation controller in their hand. This makes sense since addiction has long been a term associated with drug and alcohol abuse but has become a catch phrase to explain almost anything anyone does to a perceived excess. In the medical field addiction is not currently a term used for any diagnosable disorder as the American Psychiatric Association’s (APA) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders uses the disease category substance abuse and dependence and under this category the specific drug t hat is being abused, or the patient is dependent on, is listed with its own diagnosis code. The newest edition, the DSM V, is changing that and replaces substance abuse and dependence with â€Å"addictions and related disorders.† The APA has gone back and forth between use of the terms â€Å"addiction† and â€Å"dependence† to describe alcohol and other drug problems (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). I feel the term addiction is more appropriate when talking about substance abuse because

Corruption of Foreign Governments Essay - 1214 Words

Corruption can be defined as the misuse of entrusted power for personal benefit. It can also be described as letting personal or family relationships influence economic decision making, be it by private economic agents or by government officials. Corruption is always kept secret and therefore individual behavior of corrupt agents is almost impossible to observe systematically in real life. The objectives of government are vital to the understanding of the diverse negative effects of corruption on the public service. Corruption renders governments unable or unwilling to maximize the welfare of the public. It distorts agents decisions and limits the contractual space available to agents and the government.†¦show more content†¦General police deviance can include brutality, discrimination, sexual harassment, intimidation, and illicit use of weapons. However, it is not particularly obvious where brutality, discrimination, and misconduct end and corruption begin. A corrupt principal creates allocation inefficiencies and cripples its credible commitment to effective policies, and opens the door to opportunism. Because corruption must be hidden from the public and is not enforced by courts it entails transaction costs, which are larger than those from legal exchange. This suggests that corrupt contracts are primarily relational contracts where legal exchange serves as a basis for sealing and enforcing corrupt agreements. Legal exchange not only provides for corrupt opportunities, but for the necessary enforcement mechanisms. Examples of such legal exchange are long-term business exchange, belonging to the same firm or political party or being embedded in social relationships. The latter may even comprise the engagement in charitable institutions. Reform should not only focus on limiting opportunities for corrupt behavior but also on impeding the enforcement of corrupt agreements. Police corruption is defined as the abuse of police authority for personal or organizational gain. This comes in many shapes andShow MoreRelatedCorruption And Corruption Of The Public Sector1530 Words   |  7 PagesBribery and corruption in the public sector, is endemic and unavoidable in all societies 1 The supportive reasons of unavoidable bribery and corruption Bribery and corruption in the public sector have been investigated by government for many years, while such hidden bribery and corruption are the behaviour that members working in the public sector indiscriminately take actions. Bribery and corruption are due to members’ heart swell and unsound personality so as to break the public welfare natureRead MoreCorruption1154 Words   |  5 PagesEffects of Corruption in Multinational Corporation’s [Student name] [Professor’s name] [Course title] [Date] Introduction Corruption can be defined as a spiritual or moral deviation from an ideal. Corruption come in different styles and that include bribery and funds embezzlement. Corruption has been the number one menace in many countries of the world. It impacts countries in many ways, impacting economy and development in a negative way. Corruption tends to raise the cost of government andRead MoreThe Discourse Of The Endemic Grand Corruption1371 Words   |  6 PagesThe discourse of the endemic grand corruption in Nigeria is inadequate without a critical scrutiny of the roles played by the multinational companies (MNCs) in facilitating and sustaining grand corruption. Scholars argue that companies, especially multinationals, are the biggest perpetrators using a sophisticated network of notional companies and corporate structure to facilitate corrupt practices in developing countries. In essence, grand corruption in Nigeria is to a large extent sustained byRead MoreThe war on terrorism in Afghanistan has been the longest war in the history of the United States of1100 Words   |  5 Pagessee how they will take their country into their own hand and decide its fate. The future of Afghanistan is that it will not be stable enough to run on its own due to the high level of poverty, high levels of corruption and limited influence from foreign countries after the departure of foreign troops and the presidential elections taking place in Afghanistan. Afghanistan has had a history, full of violence and wars since the last 176 years, from being invaded by the British in 1838 to the sovietRead MoreEssay about The Level of Corruption Across Countries794 Words   |  4 PagesInternational which is the leading global civil society organization that fight against corruption, Japan has a score of 74 out of 100 on the corruption perceptions index (CPI) and ranked 18 out of 177 countries (Transparency 2014). On the other hand, Ukraine has a score of 25 out of 100 and ranked 144 out of 177 countries (Transparency 2014). The outcome of the CPI is drawn on data which is related to corruption collected by various independent and reliable institutions (Transparency 2014). The percentageRead More1. Who are the country’s main competitors and how is it positioned relative to these main1100 Words   |  5 PagesBank . Due to the lack of qualified labor force, high level of debts (including government debts), and the negative perception of the government due to corruption, Dominican Republic’s inflow is very low compared to its competitors. In fact, Brazil’s broad surface, rapid growth in the industrial sector and large labor force available are crucial factors leading to the nation being the most popular location for foreign investors in the Latin Americas. Growing sectors in Brazil count mineral, energyRead MoreA Brief Note On Bribery And Corruption Of The Public Sector1462 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis on bribery and corruption in the public sector Introduction There is one statement that â€Å"Bribery and corruption in the public sector, is endemic and unavoidable in all societies†. This essay will make critical analysis of this statement, targeting the public sector. Especially taking the example of US and UK regulatory framework, it will make clear understanding of this statement. Through current academic literature by comparing, contrasting and critiquing views, this essay will developRead MoreThe Effects Of Corruption On Economic Growth1444 Words   |  6 Pages In this essay, I will present an argument against theories that propose that corruption may be beneficial to economic growth by presenting theoretical and empirical evidence that suggest otherwise. I will also discuss policies that will prove effective in eliminating corruption in developing countries. The international handbook on the economics of corruption defines corruption as the use of public resources to fund the private purposes. It usually involves the abuse of officialRead MoreBaker Hughes1028 Words   |  5 PagesFOREIGN CORRUPT PRACTICES ACT 1. Discuss the economic and social impact of brides and other similar payments in emerging economies. Corruption can take many forms and can be found in many countries, but mainly in the emerging ones. The main form of corruption is the bribery in the form of payments demanded by the government or ministry officials in exchange for a favor (granting a service, awarding a business).Corruption affects all the businesses that interfere with the government, but studiesRead MoreCorruption in Vietnam1568 Words   |  7 PagesMatthew Barnett Corruption in Vietnam International Marketing December 31, 2015 1. List all the different types of bribes, payments, or favors represented in this case under (a) FCPA, (b) Criminal Law of PRC, and (c) Law against Unfair Competition of the PRC. Why is each either legal or illegal? In this case we learn of different types of payments and bribes they use to go around the law. One type of bribe is a cash payment which is illegal. A cash payment is funding something by

Joseph’s Story Free Essays

B. Assuming that Joseph’s heart stopped, all of the cellular processes and membrane functions are going to be affected. The loss of oxygen is going to affect everything, ultimately killing off all of the cells. We will write a custom essay sample on Joseph’s Story or any similar topic only for you Order Now Loss of oxygen and glucose will affect the mitochondria, making it unable to make ATP, the energy the body requires to function. Without any oxygen, the membrane will no longer be able to control its diffusion processes/pumps, allowing anything in and out of the cell and not properly getting rid of wastes. Leaving all of the waste behind, unable to regulate itself, all of the cells will eventually die off. C. In a human cell, the golgi complex, nucleus(nuclear envelope), and entire cell(plasma membrane) have membranes. During his heart attack the lysosomal enzymes, formed from the golgi complex, began to digest the membranes and all of their organelles, thus affecting the heart because all of the cells are being destroyed and can no longer function homeostatically. D. Inside the nucleus, the chromosomes house the instructions Joseph’s body needs to repair itself and his predisposition for vascular disease. E. Integral and peripheral proteins are involved in the homeostatic imbalances of Joseph’s heart because now, due to lack of oxygen and glucose, they are not performing their jobs correctly. Both proteins are now allowing anything in and out of the cell at its own will with no system to it. F. Reestablishing oxygen flow to Joseph’s body was so important because it got oxygen to the cells and the carbon dioxide out of the body. All of the process in the body would have ultimately stopped if oxygen flow has not been reestablished. H. Joseph’s heart failed because without oxygen or glucose the cells cannot make ATP. Without ATP the cells do not have the necessary energy to undergo any of their cellular processes. Eventually the cells will actually start digesting themselves, thus making the heart and all the other org ans in the body fail. How to cite Joseph’s Story, Papers

A room of Ones own Essay Example For Students

A room of Ones own Essay Virginia Woolf, a founder of Modernism, is one of the most important woman writers. Her essays and novels give an example into her own life experiences and of women of the 20th century. Her most famous works include Mrs. Dalloway (1925), To the Lighthouse (1927), Orlando: A Biography (1928), The Waves (1931), and A Room of Ones Own (1929) (Roseman 11). A Room of Ones Own is an essay, based on Woolfs lectures at a womens college at Cambridge University in 1928. Woolf bases her thoughts on the question of women and fiction. In the essay, Woolf asks herself the question if a woman could create art that compares to the quality of Shakespeare. Therefore, she examines womens historical experience and the struggle of the woman artist. A Room of Ones Own explores the history of women in literature through an investigation of the social and material conditions required for writing. Leisure time, privacy, and financial independence, are important to understanding the situation of women in the literary tradition because women, historically, have been deprived of those basics (Roseman 14).

The Renaissance Was it a Thing Crash Course World History Essay Example For Students

The Renaissance: Was it a Thing? Crash Course World History Essay How does John Green define the Renaissance? It was an effloresce of arts. 3. Where do we commonly see the classical influences visually expressed in the Renaissance? The renaissance saw the rebirth of European culture after the dark ages and rushed in the modern are of secularism, rationality, and individualism. 4. Why are the scholars who worked with ancient Greek and Roman texts called humanists? What misconception has this name led to, and how is that misconception debunked by John Green? Because it implied that they were concerned with humans ether than the religious world. This led to the assumption that Renaissance writers, artists, and scholars were secretly not religious, but they actually were studying the humanities. 5. Which dates are most commonly associated with the Renaissance? Why do we not have a specific series of dates, or beginning and ending point? 1 5th and 16th century. We dont have specific dates because they werent physically written down. 6. Why specifically, did Italy become the center of the Renaissance? Money 7. How and why did the Venetians become so rich? They exported textiles to the ottomans. We will write a custom essay on The Renaissance: Was it a Thing? Crash Course World History specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now They were expert sailors and shipbuilders, and merchants. They figured out ways to trade with Islamic empires which included the biggest economic power in the region, the ottomans. 8. Why were Florentine textiles so valuable? What were the two ways they acquired the meaner to make these textiles so valuable (be specific). The color remained vibrant Dyed with a chemical called alum Italians needed the alum but could only get it from the ottomans 9. In what way did the Islamic world contribute to the Renaissance? (Include specifics) The Muslim world was the source of many of the writings that the renaissance scholars studied. 10. Why is Copernicus so cool? What did he do? Because he was a lawyer and a doctor and could speak 4 different languages, he also discovered that the earth was not in the center of the universe. 1 1 . Why does John Green say the Renaissance didnt really happen? Most people didnt know about the renaissance because its art and learning affected only a sliver of the European population. Also the life expectancy went down in many areas of European during the renaissance.

Labor Management Relations and High Performance Workplace Strategies Essay Example

Labor Management Relations and High Performance Workplace Strategies Essay Example Labor Management Relations and High Performance Workplace Strategies Essay Labor Management Relations and High Performance Workplace Strategies Essay IMPROVING LABOR-MANAGEMENT RELATIONS In today’s highly competitive global economy it is very important for both management and labor to work together to continuously improve the performance of the business as measured by the quality, price, and features of its products, the satisfaction of its customers, and the benefits provided to all its employees. Achieving continuous improvement requires good labormanagement relations, the timely resolution of workplace disputes, the effective use of the collective bargaining process, innovative approaches to workplace organization, mutual sharing of specialized knowledge about the business, and the shared ownership of new ideas. The SEWN program is experienced in working jointly with labor and management to resolve disputes and improve labor management relations both in crisis situations and over the long-term. Resolving Labor-Management Conflict Unresolved disputes between management and labor contribute to many company crises. While some, even sharp, conflict may in fact be a sign of healthy workplace relationships, far too often businesses are put in jeopardy by failing to implement high-performance organizational strategies and improve labormanagement relations. The SEWN program has helped a number of clients resolve crisis situations before they cost the workforce their jobs and the community an important employer. Through these efforts to retain manufacturing in the region we have learned that two key principals are critical for success: 1. The Need to Engage the Workforce To be successful over the long-run, all companies need to engage their workforce in the operation of the business by insuring that workers have the knowledge and skills to do the job as well as the interest and enthusiasm to get things done. In situations in which the workforce is represented by a union, however, management is often ambivalent about the role of the union in the operation of the business. When trust is absent it is especially difficult for both management and labor to separate the workplace situations where they compete or are in conflict from those in which they need to cooperate. Small and middle-market manufacturers, especially privately owned, closely-held firms, suffer the most when workplace relations deteriorate because they lack the resources to effectively manage the business without cooperation. Closely-held family businesses, especially those that try hard to treat their workers fairly, also tend to find it extremely difficult to accept any outside influence over the workplace. 2. The Need to Insure the Businesses’ Success Unions, too, are often ambivalent about cooperating with management and fail to recognize that their long-term interests usually depend on the viability of the business. Union leadership sometimes lack the communication and negotiation skills to broaden the union’s role in supporting the business. In other instances local officials lack the technical or political support of their union to handle the increased responsibilities of attending to not only the compensation and conditions of work but also to the successful use of its member’s talents and abilities. Local elected union officers must also contend with a wide range of local issues as well as cope with their own job and family responsibilities. The SEWN program works hard to stay abreast of the special concerns of organized labor and to maintain good channels of communication. More Than Mediation Both the state and federal government can provide excellent third-party mediation services to help resolve grievances, negotiate contracts, and improve labormanagement relations. When a business is in crisis, however, mediators, are neither able nor responsible for comprehensively examining a businesses’ operating, financial, marketplace, or other problems in order to develop a context in which to quickly bring all of the parties together on what needs to be done. Mediation services also may not be able to respond quickly enough to small distressed manufacturing companies that may be permanently out-of-business within just a few days of a crisis developing. And, mediation services typically are not called in until a problem has become acute. The SEWN program has the responsiveness, skills and resources to provide this kind of comprehensive assessment for its clients. High-Performance Workplaces One of the most critical issues to a businesses’ success is how the workplace is organized to get the job done. In an effort to find new ways to compete effectively in today’s global economy many businesses face hard decisions about what to do on a daily basis. Should the business be downsized, adopt cellular manufacturing techniques, seek wage concessions, adopt progressive workplace practices, utilize ISO 9000 production controls, or expand the role of the labor- management committee process in the operation of the business? Whatever the proper course of action, when both management and labor take ownership of the process of generating and implementing new ideas a much more sustainable process of organizational change can be fostered. Thus, the SEWN program’s approach to improving the productivity, culture, and profitability of a business is client centered. SEWN’s consultants work with all parties to analyze the problems at hand, suggest new ideas, and implement the group’s decisions

Benjamin Franklins Declaration of Independence

Franklin†s loyalty to America shows greatly throughout his life in his writings and jobs. Franklin†s many jobs included being an inventor, politician, author, statesman, philosopher, soldier, scientist, citizen, and a printer. Franklin helped stabilize America by helping to write the countries declaration of independence, which is only one of his many works. Benjamin Franklin†s leadership did not only influence the people of his time, but this great quality still influences the people of today. Many people today think of Franklin as a proud pillar of our national heritage. Most of Franklin†s education was self-taught through his hard work and dedication to learning. This education helped Franklin in many ways to write many books, outsmart other politicians, and create new inventions. Franklin knows he can not relive his life so decides that writing a book would be the next best thing. In Franklin†s autobiography, which he writes to his son, he tries to retell his mistakes so others will not do the same. One of Franklin†s strongest beliefs includes his religion. Franklin did not believe in organized religion and believed strongly in Deism. This shows his concern for other Americans. One of Franklin†s most contributive works to America besides his diplomacy was the Declaration of Independence. Not only did Franklin help write this document, but he was also the oldest person to sign it. Franklin published an annual book called Poor Richard†s Almanac. In this book Franklin included both important and useless information. Franklin predicted temperatures, told tales, included some of his favorite quotes, and had many fun facts published in this book. This is one of Franklin†s most famous quotes â€Å"Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.† (Perkins) This saying shows Franklin†s intelligence on time management. Here Franklin claims to be a precise, healthy, and wise person. Franklin†s inventions contributed greatly to both the world then, and the modern world. Franklin invented bifocals, the dumb waiter, the Franklin stove, and completed many experiments on electricity. Another of Franklin†s great contributions to America was establishing the first lending library, hospital, and fire station. Franklin worked on ideas such as better-paved and lighted streets. Benjamin Franklin was a â€Å"true American† because of his dedication to starting, sustaining, and stabilizing America as a country. Benjamin Franklins Declaration of Independence Franklin†s loyalty to America shows greatly throughout his life in his writings and jobs. Franklin†s many jobs included being an inventor, politician, author, statesman, philosopher, soldier, scientist, citizen, and a printer. Franklin helped stabilize America by helping to write the countries declaration of independence, which is only one of his many works. Benjamin Franklin†s leadership did not only influence the people of his time, but this great quality still influences the people of today. Many people today think of Franklin as a proud pillar of our national heritage. Most of Franklin†s education was self-taught through his hard work and dedication to learning. This education helped Franklin in many ways to write many books, outsmart other politicians, and create new inventions. Franklin knows he can not relive his life so decides that writing a book would be the next best thing. In Franklin†s autobiography, which he writes to his son, he tries to retell his mistakes so others will not do the same. One of Franklin†s strongest beliefs includes his religion. Franklin did not believe in organized religion and believed strongly in Deism. This shows his concern for other Americans. One of Franklin†s most contributive works to America besides his diplomacy was the Declaration of Independence. Not only did Franklin help write this document, but he was also the oldest person to sign it. Franklin published an annual book called Poor Richard†s Almanac. In this book Franklin included both important and useless information. Franklin predicted temperatures, told tales, included some of his favorite quotes, and had many fun facts published in this book. This is one of Franklin†s most famous quotes â€Å"Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.† (Perkins) This saying shows Franklin†s intelligence on time management. Here Franklin claims to be a precise, healthy, and wise person. Franklin†s inventions contributed greatly to both the world then, and the modern world. Franklin invented bifocals, the dumb waiter, the Franklin stove, and completed many experiments on electricity. Another of Franklin†s great contributions to America was establishing the first lending library, hospital, and fire station. Franklin worked on ideas such as better-paved and lighted streets. Benjamin Franklin was a â€Å"true American† because of his dedication to starting, sustaining, and stabilizing America as a country.

Sociology- Pres candidates compaigning about family concerns Essay

Sociology- Pres candidates compaigning about family concerns - Essay Example They all, regardless of the era, have had a main focus on public policy issues, especially those that affect minorities and the poorer classes, and those that affect the middle and upper classes. Intricate issues, such as the country’s economic status, outline the democratic and the republican campaign. Accordingly, the crisis that America faces today is comparable, as many have noted, to the Great Depression. With depression there comes a sense of urgency and panic by the American people, causing voters to study the opposing candidates, to find out which candidate best represents the American public. In the 2008 presidential race, not only has economics played a huge role, but the moral fiber of both candidates has been repeatedly exploited, revealing John McCain and Barack Obama’s position on the family. There are four lucid issues that directly affect the family: the increase of federal taxes, outsourcing of jobs, the importance of setting a timetable for the withdra wal of troops from Iraq, and parental consent for minors to have abortions. Seemingly, John McCain’s definition of the family is more conventional, nothing outside the box, very strict orderliness. McCain, as is standard of the Republican Party, values the wealth of the family. Thus, his views reflect those of the upper class. On the four aforementioned issues that affect the family, McCain will not raise federal taxes, which, in essence, insinuates that those who make the less will pay the most. McCain also is for the outsourcing of jobs. Since the world is becoming more globalized, it is up to the American people to adjust. It is similar to Darwin’s survival of the fittest theory--only the strongest (richest) will be able to fully thrive in a globalized world. Furthermore, McCain is against setting a timetable for troop withdrawal. This is interesting because war in general severs the family.

Substantive Law Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Substantive Law - Movie Review Example This paper intends to analyze from the substantive law point of view of the unfolding events within the movie â€Å"The Accused† as written by Tom Topper in 1988 (Ebert para 1-10). The movie is a description of unfortunate happenings that involve Sarah Tobias who is the accused of luring herself into the unfortunate rape ordeal and who is accused of the same. Moreover, in a rather twisty way, the case moves from her accusation and she becomes the accuser in trying to seek justice for her own misfortune. The movie therefore depicts that rape victims would stand to be accused in causing it to happen. The drunkards in the bar where she goes and drinks uncontrollably, shows the substantive sides of the legal movie through the abuse of Tobias rights. The drunkard men blamed the accused for first over-drunkard-ness after which she engaged in provocative dance, which leads to her rape. Under the substantive law provisions, the public (represented by the people who were drinking withi n the bar at the time of the happening) had the right to disciplined dance by the accused, which was not observed when the accused engaged in dancing provocatively. On the other hand, the accused had the right to personal security as against the assault through rape and jeering by the drunkards in the bar. ... Moreover, while drunk, the accused disrupts the peace of the customers who were enjoying themselves in the bar through indecent dances, which provoked the men to rape her. This was therefore offensive and the accused would be rightfully accused under the criminal law of engaging in risky behavior in the public. On her side as the defendant, Sarah would argue that she was entitled to taking alcohol in the bar just as any other adult person was. She would justify her dance with the fact that though she was drunk, she was allowed by the law to dance and as such, she was not responsible for any possible offence she would cause the other people through her dance. She was therefore not rightfully being accused for being the cause to her rape but rather, the rapists should have been accused for physically assaulting her and emotionally hurting her through the chanting and the jeers, which encouraged her perpetrators to continue with harassing her. On the other side of the case was the accus ed accusing the rapists of causing physical and emotional harm to her through the rape as well as the jeers and the chants. With the plaintiff deciding to lower the charges against the accused in the cases for â€Å"aggravated assault,† the complainant feels rather assaulted in that the case involved had the magnitude of brutal rape in front of other people. The court under the substantive law framework had the responsibility to treat the case with the seriousness of such a crime against the complainant’s rights and freedoms. The complainant’s argument was therefore that though she as a woman who acted indecently in the bar had the right to say no to the atrocities and be heard which was not

Productive Opportunity Essay Example for Free

Productive Opportunity Essay Productive opportunities depends on multiple things, the advancement of technology, the availability and access to resources, and also what producers and entrepreneurs can think of at the given time. Choosing a combination of productive and financial opportunities help maximize wealth. They key in finding a productive opportunity is a high degree of awareness of the factors that distort judgment A perfect capital market is when buying and selling do not affect prices. â€Å"In a perfect capital market the corporation is regarded only as a means of generating wealth, because the present value of the dollar returns it generates is the only feature relevant to its owners. † Understanding your resource, resources is a source or supply from which an organization gains profit. Typically resources are materials or other assets that are transformed to produce benefit and in the process may be consumed or made unavailable. From a human perspective a natural resource is anything obtained from the environment to satisfy human needs and wants. Organizations operate by people making decisions. A manager plans and organizes a team by executing decisions. The effectiveness and quality of those decisions determines how successful a manager is. With this being said â€Å"the goal of the manager and owner remain the same as long as market value is maximized.† Opportunity is all around us but yet at the same time sometimes we never see it. In business we look for new ways to market our business, reach our target market, build on online community and through this all we overlook the opportunity that is all around us. We are learning to create opportunity my maximizing our market value. In conclusion, â€Å"in a perfect capital market, the market value of the ï ¬ rm is determined only by the cash ï ¬â€šows it can generate and not by the source of funds used to ï ¬ nance those operations. The task of management is to create wealth by ï ¬ nding productive opportunities with average rates of return exceeding the market rate of interest.† Fabozzi, Frank J. (2011-12-01). Financial Economics (Page 46). Wiley. Kindle Edition.

Human Gender and Mathematics Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive papers

Human Gender and Mathematics Is there a difference in the mathematical ability between men and women? Historians have no precise method of quantifying or comparing their individual accomplishments (Olsen). Not only in mathematics, but also in many other career areas in the past, women were looked upon as inferior to their male counterparts. Women were not encouraged to pursue a career in mathematics. Historically, women were seen working around the home, cleaning the house, taking care of the children, and cooking the food. Even if they did pursue a career in mathematics, their research was sometimes viewed as questionable. I will defend the fact that, "Women have the same capabilities of achieving in mathematics than men do." However, you probably have heard of more male mathematicians than female mathematicians because historically, the male is labeled to be smarter in the subject of mathematics. In many cases this is not true. Women were viewed upon as equal in mathematical ability when they began making amaz ing discoveries in mathematics, began to stick up for their rights, and began to be accepted by their male counterparts as equal. An unknown author once wrote, "To understand the development of mathematics, we must have a picture of the men who made the science"(Olsen). Like many other statements about male mathematicians, you rarely find any trace of their female counterparts. Jean Dumee, a French astronomer, stated that women are not incapable of study, if they wish to make the effort, because between the brain of a woman and that of a man there is no difference (Olsen). Women mathematicians have been around for centuries and have had amazing contributions to the field of mathematics. Women like Hypatia, Sophie Germa... ...athematics and science. If the above statement holds true, women were considered inferior to men in these areas because they weren’t schooled at a higher level. In today’s world, women are schooled at the same level as men are, which leads them to participate and excel in these fields. Lastly, female mathematicians have the same capabilities of male mathematicians because they made amazing and important discoveries in mathematics, have stuck up for their gender rights, and most important of all, were accepted by their male counterparts as equal. Works Cited Page [1] Olsen, Lynn. Women in Mathematics. New York: The MIT Press, 1974 [2] Scott, Agnes. "Biographies of Women Mathematicians." 28 Feb. 1999. Agnes Scott College. <http:/www.agnesscott.edu/Iriddle/women/women.htm> [3] Walkerdine, Valerie. Counting Girls Out. Bristol, PA: Falmer Press, 1974

Leadership Interview Paper Essay

I interviewed Becky Hendrix, Executive Director for Professional Care Services. I recently had the honor of interviewing someone in our community who has had more than twenty years of leadership experience in our community. The interview ended up taking much longer than I expected because I was so influenced by what she had to say, I did not want to miss anything. Mrs. Becky Hendrix started her career as a CPA back in the 80’s for the World Color Press. Her leadership abilities were quickly realized, and she was promoted to head CPA. From there she moved on to the Professional Care Service where she remained for fifteen years serving as a CPA, and finally working her way up to the Executive Director. Becky was in charge of over 187 employees. My conversation with Becky took a direction that I did not expect. She attributes her success to the leadership traits that she has learned over the years, and quoted many of the very ideas and theories almost verbatim from our class lect ure. That was an incredible experience to witness firsthand how these traits become behaviors and practices. Throughout the course of our interview, Becky laid out the history of her leadership experience, and pointed out how she has learned many of her characteristics from watching other people. Becky heavily noted how leadership and management styles have made a drastic change over the last 30 years from the â€Å"my way, or the highway† (Hendrix) approach, to a servant leadership approach. Mrs. Hendrix recalled a plaque that use to hang in her bosses office in the 80’s that read â€Å"Beatings and hangings will continue until morale improves!† That was the strategy that was used back then, but disregarded the lingering question of â€Å"Why† in the eyes of the employees. Becky provided me with a great analogy that explained the concept of putting a screw into a board with a hammer. â€Å"You can drive a Screw into a board with a hammer, and it will go in; however, both she screw and the board will end up forever damaged and the board will eventually wiggle loose.† (Hendrix) Short term results can be achieved through toxic leadership, but long term goals will almost always fail. Throughout her experience with Professional Care Services, Becky noticed that approach being used, and vowed to change it within her area of leadership. She attributes her success to that very idea. Strong interpersonal skills are one of the most important characteristics she outlined for me. By that, she means â€Å"take time to be kind† (Hendrix). To achieve positive results out of the people in which she works with, Becky â€Å"turned her division upside down† (Hendrix) or transitioned to a servant leadership philosophy. She wanted her employees to feel like the president of the company was someone who not only cared about them and their concerns, but wanted to be someone who they could come to with any problems or ideas they have. â€Å"Seek first to understand before you try to be understood.† (Hendrix) By taking time through charismatic leadership to be kind to her employees, and being empathetic toward their work and personal lives, Becky was able to achieve above average results out of average people. The ability to â€Å"shut up and listen† is a key trait one must have to be a good leader. I asked her if she thought that by being friendly to her employees, and getting to know them personally interfered with her ability to delegate. Becky responded by stating that if you are firm but fair, honest and straight forward with people at all times, you will in turn commandeer respect from your employees which will provide both parties the necessary tools to excel in their respective positions. One must beware, however, of being insincere, because everyone will see right through you and lose all respect. One must lead by example and be constantly and actively aware on a daily basis that everyone is watching the leaders and modeling their actions after yours. â€Å"People don’t care what you know until they know that you care† (Hendrix). Another key trait that Becky noted was that leaders are the ones who are willing to â€Å"get up and try it.† When she was in her infant stage of leadership, she volunteered to run the store, for one of the managers. â€Å"She just threw me the keys and walked out the door! I was scared to death, but willing to give it a shot! Yeah, I made some mistakes but I also learned how to keep from making them again.† (Hendrix) Leadership is a series of conquering fears and taking on challenges regardless if you have all of the answers. Your mindset must be one of â€Å"I think I can fix that† (Hendrix). She closed the discussion on leadership traits and skills with a quote from one of her favorite authors, Zig Ziglar. â€Å"If you want to get all you can out of  life, you must first help others to get all they can out of life† (Hendrix). I told Mrs. Hendrix that she had given me some great insight as to what traits and skills were necessary to being a leader among women, but wanted to know more. For me really get an idea of how these ideas and theories can be put into practice, I needed to know how one goes about actually doing these things while being in a high workload-high stress position on a daily basis. Becky stated that it all starts with the golden rule of treating others the way you want to be treated. Take time to stop and think about each comment that you make. People will remember the things that you say and the way they perceive you. Always make a conscious effort wear a smile on your face (even if you don’t feel like it) when dealing with others. When you are in a position of authority, people will naturally fear you, and model your emotions. If you want to employees to be happy, simply act happy around them. Secondly, one must make it a point to address others by name at least twice in every conversation. Becky requires every one of the part time employees in her organization to wear a name tag so that she can remember their names and something about them. This is very difficult to do however when you have over 187 people working on your team. For that reason one must use their resources. Becky required her managers to know some personal details about each employee that worked in their store. They would hold special team building events outside of work such as an evening out on the town. When Becky makes a visit to a store, she would first brief herself with the manager about the employees who worked there. She would want to know who was doing well, and a little about their personal lives. She would then go to those people and praise them in front of their co-workers. A good strategy to use is to always praise in groups, and criticize in private. (Hendrix) When dealing with problematic employees, many managers unknowingly work around them for fear of having to deal with their complaints. When this occurs, the leader is actually rewarding the bad employee, and punishing the good employees by making them do the other persons work. This causes the good employees to slack off and learn to complain in order to get what they want. â€Å"If you don’t like what is being done, you better check what is being rewarded† (Hendrix). Another Key practice Becky discussed was the power of questioning. During our interview, Becky performed a card trick to prove a point. She had selected the 6 of diamonds and laid it face down on the desk without my knowledge. She then told me that I was going to figure out what the solution to the problem was (what card was on the desk). She began to ask me a series of questions that caused me to rule out various suites and numbers of cards. I was astonished to find out that after only a few questions, I had figured out what card was on the desk. It made me feel like I had rationally come up with the solution on my own, thus making me feel important about my accomplishment. Rather than criticize others, ask them questions to make them realize on their own what mistakes they are making and how to improve upon them (Hendrix). Finally, I wanted to know how she got to the level of understanding that she has achieved as a leader. From the standpoint of a student interested in becoming a leader, how do you get from point A to Point B? Mrs. Hendrix pointed out that you must take time to develop a clearly defined and concise personal mission statement. Furthermore, you must look at it each and every day and think about how you can utilize it in every situation. â€Å"You must learn to become a student of people, and be able to effectively communicate your visions and goals to others† (Hendrix). One can begin by taking initiative in their own environment may it be work, school, social groups or any other situation you have the opportunity to stand up and be a leader. Be willing to accept the fact that you will fail at times. â€Å"One who is willing to attempt leadership and fails is better than one who never tried at all.† (Hendrix). Listen to what others have to say, and encourage them to provide their input. Never criticize their ideas no matter how bad they may sound to you. This will prevent others from providing feedback that is crucial to your personal development as a leader. Most of all, Becky left me with the idea that leaders must have character and honesty. Leaders are born from the heart, not created or placed into their roles. Always act as a servant to others and listen to what they have to say. Toxic and Tyrannical leadership will spread like wildfire and destroy everything in its path. â€Å"You have to make people want to do their part in striving for the common good, but be able and willing to do it yourself† (Hendrix). References Hendrix, Becky. Executive Director Ashley Vance. 17 October 2014.

History of Western Society Essay

Histories of ancient civilizations, namely those of Mesopotamia, Egypt and Greece—covering both the Hellas and the Hellenistic periods, reveal that religion and philosophy were invariably tied to the kind of geography where these civilizations have been founded. Sumerian and Egyptian civilizations, prospering mainly because of nearby large water tributaries, took a different path in their development than that taken by the Greeks. While the former took advantage of rivers to centralize tribes and villages, and therefore fashioned the brand of religious ideologies and philosophy to unify the peoples, the latter leaned more towards philosophy to bring different cultures together. In addition, unlike the religions of Mesopotamia and Egypt, the Greeks had to strike a balance among a variety of gods and idols. As such, Greek mythology was a result of combining gods of individual tribes into one literature so that each tribe had its own representative in a belief system shared universally in every city-state (McKay, 2002). Mesopotamia lies between two great rivers, the Tigris and the Euphrates. It has been home to one of the earliest and most influential civilizations in history. At around 3000 B. C. , small villages and tribes founded a number of cities which grew and combined later to form the large Sumerian society and thus made Mesopotamia the â€Å"cradle of civilization† (McKay, 2002). Precisely because of these two great rivers, commerce and free exchange of ideas and goods were possible. Its geographical advantages allowed the civilization to thrive as a distinct society for the longest time. Early forms of pictograph writing enabled its citizens to develop crude educational institutions, literature, religion, mathematics and philosophy. Sumerian cuneiform, as it is commonly referred to, evolved from such pictographic system to â€Å"an ideogram system and then later, a phonetic system† (McKay, 2002). Likewise, scribal schools used writing to preserve and cultivate thought, and as such, became centers for learning and culture. In terms of religious ideology and thought, Sumerian civilization believed in spirits and created a mythological system to explain natural events. Later, religion was incorporated in its laws to govern the actions of men. They also employed myths to describe how the universe began (McKay, 2002). For instant, the ancient epic of Gilgamesh was used to explain the origins and mystical history of Earth. Sumerian civilization had developed a field in mathematics as a practical tool for construction and free market as well (McKay, 2002). On the same note, Egyptian civilization flourished because it was situated near the Nile which had a significant impact on Egyptian life, society and history (McKay, 2002). Egypt subsisted and prospered agriculturally from the seasonal flooding of the river (McKay, 2002). They had little need for irrigation since they only had to time crop rotation to fall within the fertile seasons of the land. Other than the agricultural benefits that Egypt derives from the Nile, it has also benefited from the fact that the river spanned the whole extent of the land thereby making it easier to unify the entire citizenry under one rule. In other words, the Nile became the super nautical highway of business, politics and culture (McKay, 2002). Consequently, inasmuch as the problem of distance was immediately solved by the presence of the great river, the kings or â€Å"Pharaohs† were able to bring together different tribes in Egypt under one leadership (McKay, 2002). This political and cultural unification paved the way for the establishment of the old kingdom of Egypt at around which time the land was bountiful and prosperous (McKay 2002). The kingdom of Egypt heavily relied on the seasons for their harvest. This explains the reason why the civilization had learned to use mathematics to predict the seasons. Likewise, they developed means to map out the stars in order to understand changes in the season. They also studied geometry and construction to be able build storehouses to hold the fruits of their harvest as well as religious monuments to appease the Gods to give them a good year for harvest (McKay 2002). However, in contrast to the geographical advantage enjoyed by Sumerian and Egyptian civilizations, Greeks and the Hellenistic civilization, which came later, had little patches of fertile and arable lands suitable for agriculture (McKay, 2002). Chains of mountains isolated the tribes which came down from northern parts of Europe to settle down (McKay, 2002). Unification of different city-states was a big challenge to overcome. Consequently, the city-states were either constantly at war with each other to unite the land or politicians, orators and philosophers took the charge of solidifying the Greek culture by means of a painstakingly gradual amalgamation of the tribes through education and thought (McKay, 2002). At any rate, the Greeks and the Hellenistic civilizations learned how to navigate the seas as an alternate route to reach other city-states and trade with their neighboring nations. Religion and philosophy, examined under closer scrutiny, describe the spread of a particular culture among civilizations where its tenets are compatible. The spread of Christianity, for instance, had been more successful in late Rome than it had been in other places. Notwithstanding the perilous routes early Christians had to traverse to reach Egypt and Mesopotamia, Christianity merged with Hellenistic culture much faster than any other nation (McKay, 2002). Hellenistic civilization welcomed Christianity as a change in their belief system simply because the extant mythological ideologies at this time were more divisive than they were helpful. Going back to the thesis that Greeks had to have several representative gods from different states, the motley Greek mythology no longer suited its political and social purpose when Rome was on the verge of collapse (McKay, 2002). The religion and philosophy of Egypt and Mesopotamia were firmly established as a way of life among its peoples, quite in contrast with the Greeks, where both were used to diffuse several ideas in one body of literature as a flimsy unifying factor. In other words, religion and philosophy for Egyptians and Sumerians were easily identifiable to a single ruling power in the kingdom, while these same ideologies are jointly and severally diffused in the consciousness of the Greeks (McKay, 2002). References McKay, J. , Hill, B. D. , & Buckler, J. (2002). A history of western society (7th ed. ). New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.

The Prohibition Movement essays

The Prohibition Movement essays The article that I have chosen to review discusses and explains the entire prohibition movement of the 1920s. It explains that the temperance movements were began when there was an idea that the consumption of alcohol was hazardous to peoples virtue. The early efforts of people to ban alcohol were only partially effective. They were able to help 23 of the 48 states at the time to adopt antisaloon laws, which closed saloons and prohibited the manufacture of any alcoholic beverage in the state. These events all led up to the growth of the idea of a national prohibition law. By 1919, the dry members (prohibition supporters) outnumbered the wet members (against prohibition) by more than two to one. Due to this, on Dec. 22, 1917, Congress submitted the 18th Amendment to the Constitution. By January 1919 ratification was complete, and the 18th Amendment was in place. It officially banned the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors. By the time the law was in place it had a large following of support both popularly and in Congress. Congress passed the National Prohibition Act in order to enforce the 18th Amendment. It defined what an intoxicating liquor was, and also made concessions for certain personal uses of lighter liquors. However, Congress was never really willing to give much money towards enforcing the movement, and people blatantly disregarded the unstable law. Because of the inability for the law to uphold itself it remained more of an ideal than an actuality. Almost as soon as prohibition had set in, it was challenged by many groups of people. Some claimed that it led to a social disorder and decay which was exemplified by the raids, seizures, and searchings of the police. People claimed that this style of law enforcement was an encroachment upon the private lives of civilians. Some of the public also claimed that the law actually create ...

A Brand Plan report for Cadbury Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

A Brand Plan report for Cadbury - Essay Example In the year 1969, Cadbury merged with Schweppes and it was named as Cadbury Schweppes PLC. In February 2010, Kraft Foods took over the company and Cadbury PLC is now its subsidiary which is an international organization; it is commonly referred to as Cadbury in the market (Kraft Foods, 2011). Currently, it has its presence in more than sixty countries and has a workforce of more than fifty thousand people (Wallace, 2010). Strategically, the company has been positioned in the market as the leading supplier of chocolate and sugar confectionary worldwide. Since 1905, ‘Dairy Milk’ is the most successful product of the company that has given it a top ranking in the confectionary industry (Burns, 2008). In terms of revenue, Dairy Milk has grown to become a famous and highly accredited moulded chocolate bar in UK and worldwide. The basis foundation of the strategic success of Cadbury comprises of its three strong core pillars i.e. premium quality, value for money and sound advertising (Infor, 2010). The mission statement of Cadbury is â€Å"to be the best and biggest confectionary company across the globe while delivering a superior shareholder return through an efficient process that fosters growth of the company and ensures complete capitalization of the company’s core capabilities.† (Shelley, 2009) ... In terms of revenue, Dairy Milk has grown to become a famous and highly accredited moulded chocolate bar in UK and worldwide. The basis foundation of the strategic success of Cadbury comprises of its three strong core pillars i.e. premium quality, value for money and sound advertising (Infor, 2010). 2.0 Mission Statement of Cadbury The mission statement of Cadbury is â€Å"to be the best and biggest confectionary company across the globe while delivering a superior shareholder return through an efficient process that fosters growth of the company and ensures complete capitalization of the company’s core capabilities.† (Shelley, 2009) 3.0 Situation Review 3.1 PEST Analysis Since the business environment is changing at a fast pace, it has become vital for every organisation to ensure that it monitors the happenings that are taking place in its surrounding so that it can manage its operations effectively and alter the business plans and strategies accordingly (Kepferer, 20 05; Kotler & Keller, 2005). The PEST analysis of confectionary industry of UK is discussed below: 1. Political – There are various policies and legal requirements that Cadbury will have to comply with to ensure that it conducts its business operations within legal and ethical business operation boundaries such as Weight and Measures Act, Minimum Wages Act, Equal Employment Opportunity Act, Trade Description Act and many more. 2. Economic – An increase in per capita income means that the people will have more money to spend, even better penetration opportunities in developing countries that can increase the revenue amount and increase in demand is expected as there is an increase in the urban population. 3.

Locating Mobiles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Locating Mobiles - Essay Example If accurate movement prediction per mobile was possible, the task of locating mobiles given their last location would become substantially efficient in terms of both speed and system resources used. Being able to determine the mobile's future locations and access points as it moves inside the network while being connected can result in significant improvement in system efficiency and connection quality. The wireless terminal (laptop or PDA) is equipped with an IEEE 802.11b -compatible network card and a web browser. The web server handles the presentation logic. The application and location servers' constitute the application logic. One possible solution for improving the quality of the service is to use a vector image format. The use of vector data is essential, in order to improve the response time and the power of the client application. Using a vector format, there is no need to request a new image file every time the user zooms or pans the image or something changes in that particular image. At present, the most promising vector format for Internet-use is SVG, which is a W3C recommendation for describing dynamic and interactive two-dimensional graphics in XML. These graphics can contain vector graphic shapes, raster images and text. SVG is ideal for visualising geographical information on the Web, since it has many features that are used in traditional cartography such as polygons, lines, points and text. More sophisticated features suitable for mapping in SVG include layering, opacity, gradient fills, stroke options, clipping, masking, scripting, animations and filter effects. SVG can also handle coordinate transformations and enables high quality paper prints. In addition, SVG maps are freely pannable and zoomable. Cellular Location Methods Cellular location methods use the signals of the cellular system to find the location of a mobile station. Since cellular systems were not originally designed for positioning, the implementation of different location methods may require new equipment to make the necessary measurements for location determination and new signalling to transfer the measurement results to the location determination unit. Before presenting the cellular location methods and their implementation aspects, some concepts that will be used to classify different methods based on the role of the mobile station (MS) and the network or on the location measurement principle are defined. Based on the functions of the MS and the network, implementation of a location method belongs to one of the following categories: Network-based Mobile-based Mobile-assisted In network-based implementation one or several base stations (BSs) make the necessary measurements and send the measurement results to a location center where the position is calculated. Network-based implementation does not require any changes to existing handsets, which is a significant advantage compared to mobile-based or most mobile-assisted solutions. However, the MS must be in active mode to enable location measurements and thus positioning in idle mode is impossible. In mobile-based implementation the MS makes measurements and position determination. This allows positioning in idle mode by measuring control channels, which are continuously transmitted. Some assisting information, e.g. BS

COM 263 assignment # 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

COM 263 assignment # 3 - Essay Example By understanding this, she could choose her words to convey the intellectual meaning without the cultural identity becoming an obstacle. This would extend to her non-verbal communications such as attire, stance, and demeanor. Cross culture communications requires that we look at ourselves and reach beyond our limitations in an effort to fit ourselves into the situational context and become more universal (Fitzgerald, 197). Understanding our own cultural identities is the building block that intellectual communication is based on. Being a woman and returning to school as an older student has influenced my ability to communicate effectively between cultures. As a woman, I must be aware that my communication may become genderized. When speaking to a male or mixed audience, it is imperative that I understand the communication methods I have acquired as a female as well as the perception of the audience. If I am speaking to a diverse audience that has various ethnic groups or races, it is important that I understand how my identity is viewed by their culture. If I were speaking about the right of a woman to equal pay for equal work, my vocabulary and presentation would vary depending on if I am speaking to a black woman or a Muslim man. As an older student, I can be caught mistakenly thinking that I know more than lifes experience has actually given me. My skills at presenting a case for a viewpoint may be lacking even though I have an emotional understanding of the argument. My identity as older does not directl y coincide with that of being a better student. When communicating with other students, age may garner respect or the opposite may occur. Only by understanding my own identity can I find ways to communicate more clearly and effectively deal with this obstacle. In the situation of working in another department temporarily, there are several identities that are brought to the situation. An important identity is that all the people work for the same company.

Born Global Firms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Born Global Firms - Essay Example These firms are established to go global from the first day with a general view that the world is a single market and not an extension of the domestic market. Currently, there is a rapid increase in these firms, most of which have their origin from developed economies. Most of these firms are technological in nature and take advantage of the high technology developments in these countries. However, the firms are not limited to technology but are distributed across other areas as well. This report seeks to understand born global firms to details regarding their formation and the mode of operation. Born Global Firms Introduction Born global firms are business entities that are formed with the single purpose of doing business internationally. From its formation, a born global firm has the main objective of attaining a competitive advantage from harnessing resources and selling its products in many countries, and in most cases, these firms go global within their three years of inception. Multinationals are usually referred to as global firms, though there are major differences between multinationals and born global firms. ... Therefore, the main differentiating factor in these firms is that they have a borderless worldview and all their strategies are geared towards achieving a global presence. In this report, born global firms will be investigated in detail to understand the reasons behind the rapid increase in such firms in the recent past, how the companies undertake their operations, their features and the challenges that these firms face in their operations. The aim of this paper is to derive a better understanding of born global firms, the mode of operations in the global market and their differences from the conventional multinational organizations. Background study Michael Rennie coined the born global tag name in 1993 after studying a new concept of new firms that were established with the single purpose of competing on a global scale to harness resources in a number of countries at the same time (Jones et al., 2011). The interesting aspect of these firms is in the way a small firm is established with the single intention of meeting the varying needs of customers on a global scale. Such an approach requires a new focus in understanding the concept behind internationalization of firms and the need to attain a global status today. The new concept of a born global is to satisfy the need of customers on a global scale from its first day of inception, in that the firms are internationalized by design and not by emergence (Jones et al, 2011). In international trade models, a firm wishing to go global has to outlay the initial investment and make the entry costs before it commences operating globally.  

Power Blackout Preventing By Power Swing Detection

Power Blackout Preventing By Power Swing Detection Power Blackout Preventing By Power Swing Detection  and Out-Of-Step Protection   Power system disturbance, such as fault occurrence, automatic reclosing, and large loads disconnection. These conditions force the generating units to adapt with the new load condition but the generators cant do this instantaneous due to the inertia. This cause a power swing. It may be stable power swing or un stable power swing. In the stable power swing the generator can return to the new equilibrium state. On the other hand, in the un stable power swing the generator cant reach to the steady state operation and run out of step and may lead to the blackout. in the case of power swing the load impedance may enter into the operation characteristic of the distance relay and case unwanted tripping for the transmission lines. So, the distance relay isnt supposed to tripe under the power swing if stable or unstable to give the system the availability to return to its steady state. A power swing block PSB its a function inside the modern distance relays that prevent unwanted tripping by block the tripping signal in case of stable or unstable power swing. However, when the fault happens due to a Power swing it must be cleared very rapidly with high level of dependability and selectivity. Out-of-step trip (OST) in is a function that included in the modern relays to achieve the separation of the power system under the unstable power swing. The major aim of this function to differentiate between the stable and unstable power swing and separate the power system into predetermined zones to achieve the stability and continuity of the service. Key words:  Power Swing Detection; Out of Step Protection; Distance Protection. USA United states of America NERC North American Electric Reliability Corporation N-1criterion Most security rules therefore call for the system to be able to withstand the loss of any single component UCTE Union for the Coordination of the Transmission of Electricity PSB Power Swing Block OOS Out-of- Step OST Out-of-Step Trip TOSB Setting Time of out-of-step Blocking TOST Setting Time of out-of-step Tripping Figure 1 Causes due to different disturbances Figure 2 Two-Machine System model Figure 3 The Power Angle Curve Figure 4 The Equal-Area Criterion (Figure shows a fast fault clearance and a stable swing) Figure 5 Unstable System due to Slow Clearing Time Figure 6 Wrong operation of distance relay due to Power Swing Figure 7 Two-Blinder Power Swing Detection Scheme Figure 8 Automatically sized power swing area. Figure 9 Monotony criterion. Figure 10 Continuity criterion Figure 11 Smoothness criterion. Figure 12 Logic for power swing detection Figure 13 Impedance trajectory for 3-machine power swing Figure 14 Impedance trajectory during stable power swing. Figure 15 Internal fault B-G during a power swing. Figure 16 Internal fault B-G with single pole trip during a power swing. Figure 17 External fault in BC-G during a power swing. Figure 18 Example of a reverse busbar fault during power swing. Figure 19 Rotor angle and impedance trajectories for stable power swing. Figure 20 Rotor angle and impedance trajectories for unstable power swing. Figure 21 Basic signals for out of step detection. Figure 22 Logic for special out of step tripping. In the previous few years we have suffered from big disturbances in the power system which caused complete blackout and millions of users including the industry have suffered from big economical losses. These disturbances cause big fluctuations in active and reactive power, low voltage, voltage instability and angular instability between the generated power and consumed power which results in loss of generation and load which effected on both sides the power generation and the end customers. During the steady state operating condition, the power systems operates on the nominal frequency (50Hz or 60Hz) +/- 0.02 Hz and Voltage=Nominal voltage +/- 5% [1]. The complete synchronism of nominal frequency and voltage at the sending and receiving ends make complete balance of active and reactive power between generated and consumed active and reactive powers. Power system faults, line switching, generator disconnection, and the loss of large blocks of load result in sudden changes to electrical power, which is due to the causes shown in Fig 1. Disturbances Line Switching Generator Disconnecting Paralleling other Generator Addition of load Loss of load Causes Loss of Synchronism Between Voltages Loss of Synchronism Between phase sequence Loss of Synchronism Between phase angles Loss of Synchronism Between frequencies 1.1. Blackout History 1.1.1 Some blackouts became in 2003 (during six weeks). in the northeastern USA and central Canada and in Europe, which affected more than 100 million people. On 14 August the northeastern USA and central Canada: †¢ 62 GW power outage, affected 50 million people. †¢ power supply restoring took some days. On 14 August London †¢ 724 MW power outage, affected 410 thousand people. †¢ power supply restoring took 40 minutes. On 2 September the southern Malaysia †¢ affected 5 states (out of 13) in Malaysia, including the capital Kuala Lumpur. †¢ power supply restoring took 5 hours. On 5 September Birmingham †¢ 250 MW power outage, affected 220 thousand people. †¢ power supply restoring took 11 minutes. On 19 September nine US states and parts of Ontario, Canada †¢ affected 4.3 million people. †¢ cause hurricane Isabel. On 23 September Denmark and Sweden †¢ affected 5 million people. †¢ power supply restoring took 4 hours. On 28 September Italy †¢ affected 57 million people. †¢ power supply restoring took 4 hours. [1], [2], [3] Blackout in the Northeastern USA and Central Canada 14 August 2003 Initially the event was the tripping of the power line that caused by the short circuit to ground due to tree contacts. Blackout in the northeastern USA and central Canada was studied by The North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) and some contravention of safety and reliability standards was identified: †¢ following the outage of the first 345-kV line, dispatcher of the power system did not make the necessary actions to return the system to a safe operating state within 30 minutes to fulfillment of N-1criterion which mean Most security rules therefore call for the system to be able to withstand the loss of any single component. When a power system satisfies this criterion, it is said to be N-1 secure †¢ dispatchers of neighboring transmission system were not informed about this situation. †¢ insufficient training of dispatchers. †¢ functionless monitor system in part of the power system. Reliable and safety operation of the power system The North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC) have developed the operating of the system and planning standards to confirm the reliability and the stability of a transmission network that are depend on seven key concepts: Balance power generation and demand continuously. Balance the reactive power supply and the demand to keep scheduled voltages. Monitor the power flow over the transmission lines and other facilities to ensure that thermal (heating) limits are not exceeded. Keep the system in a stable condition. Operate the system so that it remains in a reliable condition even if a contingency occurs, such as the loss of a key generator or transmission facility (the N-1criterion). Plan, design, and maintain the system to operate reliably. Prepare for emergencies Blackout in Italy on September 28, 2003 The situation in the Italian power system before blackout wasnt exception. †¢ total load of Italy was 27 444 MW. †¢ 3 487 MW pump load. †¢ 6 951 MW physical import to the Italian power system. †¢ some transmission lines in neighboring power systems were out of service by reason of scheduled maintenance. †¢ the Italian power system was connected to neighboring power systems via 15 transmission lines. Sequence of events of the blackout in Italy The initial event was the 380 kV line tripping in Switzerland. Fewer than 25 minutes after this event the Italian power system ceased to operate synchronized to the UCTE system. Union for the Coordination of the Transmission of Electricity 03:01:42 the 380-kV line tripping in Switzerland (Lavorno Metlen) line was heavy loaded at 86%. †¢ The cause of tripping a wire contacted to a tree. †¢ The attempts of single-phase auto-reclosing and also the attempt of the operators to put this line back into operation were not successful and the line was disconnected by its protection device, due to high phase angle (42 °). †¢ After the Lavorno Metlen line tripping, the other 380 kV line in Switzerland (Sils Soaza) became overloaded. 03:11 the Swiss dispatch asked the Italian dispatch to reduce the import of Italy by 300 MW (on scheduled value). 03:25:21 the second overloaded 380 kV line tripping in Switzerland (Sils Soaza). 03:25:25 the third overloaded 380 kV line tripping in Switzerland. 03:25:26 the interconnection line Austria Italy (Lienz Soverenze) tripping. 03:25:33 the Italian power system started to disconnect from the UCTE system After disconnection Italy from the UCTE system the frequency in the Italian power system dropped suddenly, caused by the negative imbalance between power injection to the system and system load. The blackout in the Italian power system became within fewer than 3 minutes. 21:40 official announcement about emergency cancellation in whole power system of Italy. Main causes of the blackout in Italy The initial event was the 380-kV line tripping in Switzerland in consequence of the wire the tree contact. The attempts of single-phase auto-reclosing and also attempt of the operators to put this line back into operation were not successful and the line was disconnected by its protection device, because phase angle was too high. We can see two causes: †¢ insufficient protective zone under the transmission lines. †¢ overloaded lines. After the first 380 kV line tripping in the Swiss power system other power lines became overloaded. That means that the safety N-1criterion was non fulfillment in the Swiss power system. We can see other causes: †¢ Violation of basic safety N-1criterion. †¢ high import to Italy. †¢ incomplete information about neighboring power system. †¢ pump load was stopped too late, by automatics. 1.1.2. System disturbance in the UCTE system on 4 November , 2006 The system disturbance in the UCTE system on 4 November, 2006 was the most serious incident in the UCTE system within an interconnected Europe history. The system disturbance started in the German transmission system on 4 November 2006, around 10 p.m. This disturbance split the UCTE system into three separate parts (West, North-East and South-East). More than 15 million households were affected by an interruption of the electricity. The UCTE system resynchronization was completed 38 minutes after the splitting. [4] What happened? On 18 Sept. 2006, the shipyard (Meyerwerft) sent a request to E.ON Netz to disconnect two 380 kV line Conneforde-Diele for the transport of the ship through the Ems River to the North Sea on 5 November at 01:00. As a switching in the last several times. The E.ON Netz operator did a power flow calculation and verified fulfillment of safety N-1criterion using numerical computation. Analysis did not show any problem and so the operator provisionally approved the request of the shipyard and informed neighbouring transmission system operators (RWE Germany and TenneT Niederland). On 3 November (around 12.00) came a new request to E.ON Netz for a time change of two power lines Conneforde- Diele switching on 4 November at 22:00. A provisional agreement was given by E.ON Netz after a new analysis. But RWE and TenneT operators were not informed about this change at the same time. Only at 19:00 on 4 November E.ON Netz informed TenneT and RWE TSO about the new time for switching off the Diele -Coneforde line. At 21:29 according to the load flow calculation made by E.ON Netz did not indicate any violation of limit values. But N-1criterion was checked without numerical computation, was checked based on an empirical evaluation of the grid situation only. Sequence of events †¢ At 21:38 a 21:39. power lines Conneforde-Diele were disconnected. †¢ At 21:39. after the switching operation, two 380 kV lines was overloaded. †¢ At 21:41. RWE dispatcher informed E.ON Netz about the safety limit value on the line Landesbergen-Wehrendorf (an interconnection line between E.ON Netz and RWE TSO). Later investigation uncovered different protections setting on this line. †¢ Between 22:05 and 22:07, the load on the 380 kV line Landesbergen-Wehrendorf increased and the RWE operator called E.ON Netz at 22:08 with the request for urgent intervention due to return to the stable grid condition. †¢ E.ON Netz made an empirical assessment of corrective switching measures without making load flow estimation for checking the N-1criterion. E.ON Netz expected that coupling of the bus-bars in the substation of Landesbergen would reduce of load on the 380 kV line Landesbergen- Wehrendorf. But this line was overload more than 100% and so was tripped and the other lines became overloaded. †¢ At 22:10:28 the UCTE system splitted to three areas after the power lines switching in E.ON Netz, RWE, the Austrian power system and after disconnection of interconnection lines: Croatia Hungary and Marocco -Spain. The initial event of the system disturbance in the UCTE system was scheduled switching off two power lines. Main causes The investigation identified two main causes of the disturbance as well as some critical factors which had significant influence on its course: non fulfillment of the N-1criterion or verified its fulfillment without numerical computation. †¢ insufficient co-ordination between the transmission system operators. †¢ dissatisfied power plant operation in emergency: tripping of generation units (particularly wind power plants) during disturbance and uncontrolled reconnection of generation units. †¢ limited range of action available to dispatchers. †¢ insufficient training of dispatchers. 1.2. Blackout Causes and Risks A blackout is a power outage. This state means the loss of the electricity supply for a part of the power system or the whole power system. A. Blackout Causes Natural causes Lightening. Rain. Snow. wind storm. Technical Failures Transformer faults. Short circuits. Human error Error of judgment. Insufficient co-ordination between the transmission system operators. Insufficient training of dispatchers. Terrorism Bombing. cyber-attacks. B. Blackout Risks power system equipment damage. heavy economical losses. jeopardy of economy functioning. life paralysis in stricken parts of country. Several blackouts cases became in the world of last years. Causes of these disturbances were various technical, bad weather conditions, human failing. C. Some impacts of Northeastern Blackout Ford Motor Company The stoppage of factorys furnace cause to convert the molten metal to solid metal. The company reported that it need a week to clean the furnace. Marathon Oil Corporations The blackout was responsible for making suddenly shutdown procedures at Marathon refinery. in those procedures, a carbon monoxide boiler failed to shut down correctly, causing a small explosion. As a precautionary measure, the police vacate one-mile sector around the complex. Daimler Chrysler Daimler Chrysler lost production at 14 of its 31 factories. 6 of those were assembly factories with paint shops. The company reported that, in total, 10,000 vehicles were moving through the paint shops during the blackout had to be scrapped. New York City New York Citys mayor estimated that the city would pay almost USD 10 m in overtime related to the outage. Airports Airports were closed in Toronto, Newark, New York, Montreal, Islip, Cleveland, Erie and Hamilton. Together they cancelled over 1,000 flights 2.1. Introduction Under steady state conditions the power generation and the load are balanced and the power systems operate in nominal frequency 50 Hz or 60Hz with some deviations 0.02Hz for the large system and 0.05 for the small system. Taking into consideration the two-machines shown in Fig. 2, the power transmitting can be denoted by the following equation: Where: ES is the voltage of machine S ER is the voltage of machine R ÃŽÂ ´ is the angle by which ES leads ER = QS-QR QS is the rotor angle of machine S QR is the rotor angle of machine R ZT is the total impedance between the two machines consisting of ZS, ZR, and ZL ZS + ZL + ZR ZS is the impedance of source S ZR is the impedance of source R ZL is the impedance of the transmission line The Power angle curve in Figure 3 clears the relation between the power transmit and the angle ÃŽÂ ´ (the angle between the two ends). The relation clear that the power transmit increase with nonlinear direct proportion with the angle ÃŽÂ ´ when ÃŽÂ ´ lie between 0 ° : 90 ° . After ÃŽÂ ´ equal 90 ° the power decrease with nonlinear inverse proportion with the angle ÃŽÂ ´. The power system are worked well at the point of maximum power at ÃŽÂ ´ = 90 ° so The maximum power is presented as the following equation: Power Swing definition It is a changing in the Electrical power due to the changing of the rotor angle (ÃŽÂ ´) either Increasing or decreasing response to : line switching, Load disturbances , loss of generation, short circuit faults and other power system disturbances. During the large disturbance in the power system the transmit electric output power suddenly decreased from P0 to Pf as shown in Fig.4 but the mechanical torque (that connected to the generator and equivalent to the output electrical power P0 at the moment before reducing the electrical power) cant reduce suddenly to equivalent Pf so this unbalance cases accelerating in the rotor of the machine and increasing in the angle (ÃŽÂ ´). The assume of this analysis is neglects the operation of the voltage regulator that control on the excitation and change the machine voltage, and the governors that change the mechanical input power If the fault is cleared at the point of ÃŽÂ ´c the output electric power will increase and become greater than the input mechanical power so the machine will start to decelerate but because of the inertia the machine rotor cant decrease suddenly and reached to ÃŽÂ ´e. Assume area 1 refer to the accelerating energy, and area 2 refer to decelerating energy, so when the fault cleared quickly the two areas can be equal before the angle reach to the limiting angle ÃŽÂ ´L and the system will return after some oscillation to the last operating point at ÃŽÂ ´0 and that call Stable power swing. On the other side if the fault didnt clear quickly and spend more time, the angle ÃŽÂ ´ will move far away enough to make the two areas (accelerating area de accelerating area) not equal before the angle reaches to ÃŽÂ ´L as shown in Fig. 5 and due to the inertia the the angle will reach to the limiting angle and after this point the electrical output power will decrease again to be less than the mechanical input power so the machine rotor will accelerate and the rotor angle will increase above 180 and the pole slipping will happen . this case called out of step condition or unstable power swing condition Power Swing Effect on the Distance Relay Under Steady State Operation the impedance of the load not enter into the operation characteristic of the distance relay but in the case of power swing the load impedance may enter into the operation characteristic of the distance relay and case unwanted tripping for the transmission lines, and may be cause cascading tripping and stoppage of major sections of the power system. The distance relay isnt supposed to tripe under the power swing if stable or unstable to give the system the availability to return to its steady state. A power swing block PSB its a function inside the modern distance relays that prevent unwanted tripping by block the tripping signal in case of stable or unstable power swing thus, The Power Swing Block function is used to differentiate between the power swing and the fault. However, when the fault happens due to a Power swing it must be cleared very rapidly with high level of dependability and selectivity. The zones must be separated hoping to avoid causing large deference of the rotor angle between groups of the generators and loss the synchronism between them, equipment damage and the blackouts. Perfectly, the power system should be separated into predetermined zones to achieve a balance of load-generation in each of the separated zones. In some cases, load shedding is essential to avoid a whole blackout of the area where the load of the separated area is more than the local generation Controlled tripping of the power system relays in the case of an Out-of-Step condition is very essential to prevent extensive outages, equipment damage and shutdown of large areas in the power system. Out-of-step trip (OST) in is a function that included in the modern relays to achieve the separation of the power system under the unstable power swing. The major aim of this function to differentiate between the stable and unstable power swing and separate the power system into predetermined zones to achieve the stability and continuity of the service. Power Swing Detection Methods. Following is a brief discussion of the methods that have been used for detecting power swings and schemes used for OSB and OST functions. Traditional method based on rate-of change of impedance and the recently method is Power-Swing-Detection Algorithm Based on Continuous Impedance Calculation. 2.2.1 Traditional Rate of change of Impedance Schemes for Detecting Power Swings. In the conventional method, the relay measure and calculate the positive sequence impedance and the change rate of the impedance. During the steady sat operation the measured impedance depends on the load impedance and the distance between the protection zone of the distance relay and the point of measurement. The impedance move in trajectory depends on the operation case. In the case of the fault if the impedance moved rapidly to the fault zone. On the other case during the power swing the impedance moved slowly at some trajectory with a rate depend on the slip frequency between the generators. Thus, the variation of the impedance movement speed used to distinguish between the power swing and the faults. The concept of this method that using of two measuring impedance and separated them by ΆZ and used a calculated timer. When the measured impedance moved through the first one the timer will start running. If the measured impedance cross the second impedance before the time r expire, that indicated to a fault case. If the timer expired and the impedance didnt reach to the second impedance that indicated to a power swing case. Two-Blinder Scheme for PSB and OST Functions The two blinder scheme of the rate-of-change of impedance method is used in many relays, separated by ΆZ, and a calculated timer TOSB. The two-blinder scheme is shown in Fig. 7. This figure shows Two parallel blinders are on the right side of the X-line impedance and another two parallel blinders are on the left side. The timer TOSB is start running when the impedance move through the outer blinder During the fault condition the impedance moved rapidly through the outer blinder to the fault zone and cross the inner blinder before the TOSB expire. On the other case during the power swing the impedance moved slowly through the outer blinder and stay between the two blinders even TOSB will expire. This scheme can be used for a power swing blocking function to block the distance relay to prevent unwanted tripping. During Power Swing Blocking declared a reset timer should be used in order to force the relay to delay the assert when TOSB expired. The Out-Of-Step tripping (OST) can use the previous scheme expect that the calculated timer for out of step (TOST) is shorter than TOSB. In the case of power swing the impedance locus cross the outer blinder and at this point the timer will start running. If the timer TOST expires before the impedance locus cross the inner blinder, the power swing condition will declare, and if the impedance locus cross the inner blinder before timer TOST expires, the out of step condition will declare. The Out-Of-Step tripping function can be set to tripe instantly or wait for a time. The Instantly tripping referred to as predictive tripping or early tripping. The other case is referred to as delayed tripping. In some applications, the tripping is required only when the out of step condition occurs a determined number of times. It is essential for some application to use both OSB and OST functions, and it available to use them in the Same relays using the two blinder scheme technique. According to difference in speed of impedance trajectory in the case of stable power swing and unstable power swing, two timers are required TOSB and TOST whereas TOST is shorter than TOSB to be fit with the rapidly speed of the impedance trajectory in case of unstable power swing 2.2.2. Power Swing Detection Algorithm Based on Continuous Impedance Calculation The traditional methods of power swing detection are depend on a complex study for the power system to reach to the correct settings, but the setting are fixed and not adapt to any change in the system condition because of it is not possible to study the system under unstable power swing. therefore, the power system study doesnt deem the worst cases and the bad conditions, so in the case of power swing or out of step condition it may lead to unwanted tripping. The following method described below solves these problems. It is based on a continuous impedance calculation [5]. This method has the following features: It is not required for settings or complex calculation detect the power swing with frequencies range from 0.1: 10 Hz. Detect the power swing in the case of single-pole open condition or fault condition. Unblocking of distance protection relay if there both faults and power swing. Out-of-step tripping during unstable power swing. The Continuous Impedance Calculation method depend on taking four sample of the impedance per one cycle of the power system frequency the three phase each phase separately. During the power swing the impedance trajectory moved on an oval path, and when it enters the power swing area, as shown in Figure 8, the algorithm of power swing start its analysis for each phase and calculate the power swing area automatically. In the case of power swing, the power swing detection will detect it, and stay active even if the trajectory of the impedance leave the power swing zone. The algorithm computes the new values of R X, and compares them with the previous values that placed in the memory. The main criterias of the power swing detection methods are monotony, continuity and smoothness. The thresholds are calculated dynamically. This automatic adaptability to the trajectory speed change, enables the algorithm to detect the low frequency and the high frequency power swing. Monotony: The algorithm will check the direction of the derivat

Reader-Response on Soldiers Home Essay -- American Literature

Reader-Response on Soldier's Home The initial reaction I received from reading Soldier's Home, and my feelings about Soldier's Home now are not the same. Initially, I thought Harold Krebs is this soldier who fought for two years, returns home, and is disconnected from society because he is in a childlike state of mind, while everyone else has grown up. I felt that Krebs lost his immature years, late teens to early 20's, because he went from college to the military. I still see him as disconnected from society, because there isn't anyone or anything that can connect him to the simple life that his once before close friends and family are living. He has been through a traumatic experience for the past two years, and he does not have anyone genuinely interested in him enough to take the time to find out what's going on in his mind and heart. Krebs is in a battle after the battle. Imagine your hometown, a small, affluent community where everyone knows each other. This small community is where many of your childhood friends and some of your family also reside. If you left your hometown for a two-year period to go into the military, to go to college, to travel the world, or just to experience life somewhere else, how would you expect your friends and family to treat you when you arrived home after a two-year period? Would you expect a warm welcome from your love ones, would you expect to be able to share your experiences, or major events that took place in your life? Would you expect that everyone has changed at least a little bit, and you have changed somewhat as well? I definitely would not expect or would not want my friends and family to reject me, because I had changed due to my life experiences outside our sma... ...has failed to help him deal with his inner emotions from his military experience. He has been through a traumatic experience for the past two years, and he does not have anyone genuinely interested in him enough to take the time to find out what's going on in his mind and heart. Kreb's is disconnected from the life he had before the war, and without genuine help and care from these people he lived with, and around all his childhood life, it's difficult to return to the routines that everyone is accustomed to. Works Cited Hemingway, Ernest. "Soldier's Home." The Bedford Introduction to Literature, 6th Edition. Ed. Michael Meyer. New York: Bedford/St. Martin's. 2002. 152-57. "Reader Responses to Soldier's Home." Literature and Composition. 10 Feb.,2003. David Toth. 14 Feb., 2003. .

McDonald’s vs Burger King: Which is Healthier Essay

The United States has the largest fast food industry in the world, and American fast food restaurants are in over 100 countries. That alone tells you that millions of consumers partake in fast food. By definition, fast food is food that can be prepared and served very quickly. A typical fast food meal in the United States includes a hamburger, French fries, and a soft drink. Out of all of the fast food restaurants in the United States, there are two companies that comes to mind that are the biggest chains in the country. Those two fast food chains are Burger King and McDonald’s. These two companies own more than half of the fast food market in the U. S. With that said, in the past couple of years there has been concern over the obesity rate in the United States. People believe that fast food is a factor because of how easy it is to get it and the price range of it. Because of the perceptions of fast food, every one is looking to the biggest fast food chains to set the example and make their menus healthier. McDonald’s and Burger King are the two fast food chains trying to convert their menu to provide healthier foods, each in their own way. Before looking at the menus of both fast food chains, one has to understand the history. What made them who they are today? How was it created? When did it go public? The first restaurant is McDonald’s. In 1937, Patrick McDonald opened â€Å"The Airdome†, which was a food stand in Monrovia, California. Hamburgers were ten cents and all you can drink. In 1940, his two sons, Maurice and Richard, brought the food stand from their father and moved the entire operation 40 miles and changed the name to â€Å"McDonald’s Bar-B-Q† and served 25 barbecued items on their menu. In October 1948, the brothers realized that most of their profits came from selling hamburgers so they closed down the establishment. On December 12, 1948, the restaurant’s name was once again changed to â€Å"McDonald’s† and went to a menu of hamburgers, cheeseburgers, French fries, shakes, soft drinks, and apple pie. After 5 years of growing popularity and success the brothers decided to start franchising the restaurant. One year later, Ray Kroc, who sold Multi-mixer milkshakes machines, learned that one of the McDonald’s restaurants were using eight of his machines and he decided to take a look for himself. After meeting with the McDonald brothers, Kroc thought that they could franchise the restaurants throughout the country. The brothers did not think the same way so Kroc decided to take it upon himself to do so. By 1959, Kroc had 102 successful restaurants in the United States and by 1961 Kroc brought the business rights from the McDonald brothers for about three million dollars. Like McDonald’s, Burger King also has a long and rich history. It was founded in 1953 in Jacksonville, Florida as Insta-Burger King. Inspired by the McDonald brother’s original store location in San Bernardino, California, the founders and owners, Keith J. Kramer and his wife’s uncle Matthew Burns, began searching for a concept to open a new restaurant around. After purchasing the rights to two pieces of equipment called â€Å"Insta† machines, the two opened their first stores around a cooking device known as the Insta-Broiler. The Insta-Broiler over proved to be so successful at cooking burgers; they required all of their franchises to carry the device. With their new success in the way they cooked burgers, the company had rapidly expanded throughout the state of Florida until its operations totaled more than 40 locations in 1955. By 1961, Insta-Burger King ran into financial difficulties and the pair of McLamore and Edgarton purchased the national rights to the chain. It was rechristened as Burger King of Miami. The company would eventually become the Burger King Corporation and began selling territorial franchise licenses to private owners across the United States by 1961. As I stated in the beginning of my essay, I wanted to compare the two menus between Burger King and McDonald’s. Even though both restaurants are into selling hamburgers, how they are cooked and presented separate these two companies tremendously. For McDonald’s, they have added other items to their menu since the original restaurants opened back in 1948. They added a breakfast menu back in 1972 in which they sold certain breakfast sandwiches such as the McMuffin, which came in certain amounts of variations. There are also types of biscuits and breakfast burritos. Additional breakfast items include hotcakes, several breakfast platters with eggs, hash browns, and meats or breads. As you know, for lunch, McDonald’s serves many sandwich options such as the Quarter Pounder, the McDouble, which is the double cheeseburger, and chicken sandwiches, which they call a McChicken. The trademark sandwich for McDonald’s is called a Big Mac. It was introduced nationwide in 1968. It consists of two 100 percent beef patties, American cheese, â€Å"special sauce†, which is based off a Thousand Island dressing, iceberg lettuce, pickles, onions, and served in a three-part sesame seed bun. Other items on the menu consist of Chicken McNuggets, Chicken Selects, which is the McDonald’s version of chicken strips, Filet-O-Fish, and a McRib, the McDonald’s Rib Sandwich. Burger King’s menu predominantly consisted of hamburgers, French fries, soft drinks, milkshakes, and desserts. In 1978, the company introduced the first iteration of its breakfast menu. The breakfast menu remained almost identical to the McDonald’s offerings until 1983 when Burger King introduced its Croissan’Wich, which comes in many variations like the McDonald’s counterpart, McMuffin sandwich. For the lunch menu, there is little difference between the Burger King and McDonald’s Menu. The counterpart of McDonald’s Chicken McNuggets is called the BK Chicken Tenders, which made its debut in 1985. For Burger King, they have two trademark sandwiches. The first one is the counterpart of the McChicken, which Burger King calls the BK Original Chicken Sandwich. It made its debut in 1978. The other sandwich is called the Whopper. Introduced in 1957, it is one of the best known sandwiches in the fast food industry. The Whopper consists of a flame grilled quarter-pound beef patty, sesame seed bun, mayonnaise, lettuce, tomato, pickles, ketchup, and sliced onion. Now we get to the meat of the conversation. Both companies have been trying to add healthier choices to their menu for years now. For example, McDonald’s had to battle its public image as a purveyor of fatty, unhealthy food. Consumers began filling lawsuits contending that years of eating at McDonald’s had made them overweight. So in 2003, McDonald’s introduced a low calorie menu of low-calorie items and they also switched to more healthful cooking oil for the French fries. Burger king is no different to the criticism of their food. Since the 1980s, several parties, including the Center for Science in the Public Interest, the British Heart Foundation and the City of New York argued that Burger King has contributed to obesity and unhealthy eating behaviors in Western nations by producing products that contain large amounts of salt, fat, trans-fat, and calories. With that said, it is common knowledge that neither McDonald’s nor Burger King is the healthiest option if you are trying to maintain a healthy lifestyle. Let’s examine at the major items that both of these fast food chains provide and see which one is healthier. Starting with the French fries, a medium order from Burger King will make the customer consume 400 calories, 20 grams of fat, 43 grams of carbohydrates and 5 grams of protein. The same amount for McDonald’s will provide 20 calories, 7 grams of fat, 19 grams of carbohydrates, and 3 grams of protein less than Burger King’s French fries. So apparently McDonald’s wins in French Fries, for cheeseburgers, McDonald’s are not only lower in calories versus Burger King at 300 to 360, but also in fat and carbohydrates as well. They are also significantly higher in protein. Now for the main event, the Big Mac versus the Whopper, both of these burgers are the most popular menu item for both of these respected fast food chains. Which one is healthier? The Big Mac contains 540 calories, 29 grams of fat, 45 grams of carbohydrates and 25 grams of protein. The Whopper, on the other hand, contains 670 calories, 39 grams of fat, 51 grams of carbohydrates, and 27 grams of protein. So in other words, the Big Mac is Healthier. After looking at the other items that Burger King and McDonald’s provides head to head, Burger King has the edge in terms of its chicken products. Now the big question is who has the healthiest menu? To be honest, it depends on the menu item you choose to buy from either one of these food chains. If you want a good burger that will not do that much damage to your diet then McDonald’s is the way to go. If you are looking to eat a Chicken Sandwich, it looks like the Burger King should change their name. In conclusion, when asking the question of which fast food chain is healthier it is safe to say that there is no clear-cut answer. Even through McDonald’s, when looking at the nutritional stats of each item compared to Burger King, wins in the Burger section. We as consumers have to realize that â€Å"fast food† is not healthy in the first place. These two fast food chains have rich and interesting histories that contributed to how and what they sell to their customers. Each menu has been tweaked in order to fulfill the needs of the consumer over the years. Every consumer prefer to have their own method of buying items, so the best advice I can give is to do your own research beforehand. It is also important to show that you should limit the amount of fast food you eat on a regular basis in order to maintain a healthy lifestyle.